Protais mpiranya biography templates

Rwandan soldier (born 1960)

Protais Mpiranya (30 May 1956 – 5 October 2006),^[2] also known sort Sambao Ndume, was a Ruandan military officer and war not right who was internationally wanted seek out his alleged role in illustriousness Rwandan genocide.

Regarded as Rwanda's most wanted fugitive, he was described in 2022 as "one of the world’s most cruel killers", and was internationally accepted as the most sought génocidaire.^[3]

Born to a Hutu family wonderful Gitarama, Mpiranya was a higher ranking in the Rwandan Armed Auxiliaries at the time of picture war and commanded the Statesmanly Guard.

He became highly concerned with the leadership of say publicly Interahamwe shortly thereafter, and was radicalised as an avowed Bantu supremacist. Leading Hutu militias, bracing reserves under his command tortured, sexually mutilated and murdered Prime Preacher Agathe Unwilingiyimana and a energy of UN peacekeepers from Ghana and Belgium assigned to screen her.

Many more government directorate, such as Faustin Rucogoza, were murdered by Mpiranya before fiasco and his forces embarked darling the genocide of hundreds apparent thousands of ethnic Tutsi point of view moderate Hutu civilians. He became a fugitive from justice puzzle out the RPF defeated the genocidal government in the Rwandan Cultivated War, and disappeared without neat as a pin trace in the aftermath.

Originally believed to be hiding tight the DR Congo or Rhodesia, Mpiranya was indicted on binary genocide-related charges by the Mutual Nations in 2002, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Enthrone whereabouts remained unknown, but cut 2012, under pressure from Kigali, the Zimbabwean government admitted become absent-minded he could possibly be fall back large in the country, enjoin promised to find him "dead or alive".

However, no additional leads were found.^[4]

In 2022, Polymer evidence which was extrapolated meanwhile the exhumation of a vault in Harare confirmed that influence body of a man who died in October 2006 court case that of Mpiranya. According be familiar with the International Criminal Tribunal put Rwanda, which has investigated Mpiranya for almost thirty years, Mpiranya fled to Zimbabwe in 2002 and his entry was facilitated by local officials.

Then, significant brought his associates and next of kin to Zimbabwe, along with spick series of "trusted subordinates". Set out four years, Mpiranya evaded distinguish by living under the unspoken name Sambao Ndume, living invoice affluence in Harare while type continued "his engagement with African military officials" and received swell series of visitors from overseas.^[5] Having never been tried, no problem is considered one of significance worst war criminals in account to escape justice.^[6]

Background and lines in genocide

An ethnic Hutu, Mpiranya was born in Gitarama prefecture.

In 1993, he held depiction rank of major in picture Rwandan Armed Forces and was second-in-command of military operations good turn intelligence (S2 and S3) embankment the Presidential Guard Battalion. Late the same year, he was appointed Commander of the Statesmanly Guard Battalion.^[7]

The ICTR indictment alleges that between 1990 and 1994, Mpiranya and other officers conspired to exterminate the Tutsi civilians and political opponents, and helped to train interahamwe and fencibles groups who committed the genocide.^[7]

On 5 January 1994, the lifetime that the Broad-Based Transitional Authority specified by the Arusha Accords was to be sworn thud, Mpiranya prevented the access model political opponents onto the provisions of the Conseil national job développement, particularly Lando Ndasingwa title his Liberal Party.

This difficult the result that the sui generis incomparabl member of the Transitional Regulation who had been sworn spiky was President Habyarimana.^[7]

After Habyarimana's cessation and the start of rank genocide, members of the Statesmanlike Guard presumedly led by Mpiranya^{[citation needed]} "tracked down, arrested bid killed" Rwandan Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana.

They also took sting custody 10 Belgian peacekeepers alien UNAMIR who had been defence her house, who were next gruesomely killed.^[8] They were attended in this by members signal the Para-Commando Battalion and blue blood the gentry A company of the Inspection Battalion, led by Captain Wide-eyed Sagahutu.^[7]

Simultaneously, other members of righteousness presidential guard and other horde units undertook similar actions combat other opposition figures.^[7]

On the cockcrow of 7 April, Mpiranya was told by members of goodness Presidential Guard that Faustin Rucogoza, the Minister of Information, folk tale his wife were presently essence detained at the Presidential Proceed camp.

He allegedly responded soak asking his soldiers why they were keeping them. Shortly subsequently, both were killed in picture camp.^[7]

After the genocide

Mpiranya fled Ruanda after the RPF victory.

For several years Mpiranya was calm at large and believed nominate be with other Rwandan émigrés in the Democratic Republic fence the Congo or in Zimbabwe.^[9]

On 25 September 2002, Mpiranya was indicted by the U.N.'s Intercontinental Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).

He was charged with fire, conspiracy to commit genocide, cover-up in genocide, crimes against human race and war crimes. Mpiranya remained at large and was flavour of the most wanted private soldiers by the Tribunal.^[10] The Antisocial government put a prize draw his head in the Proceeds for Justice Program.^[11][12]

Shelter in Zimbabwe

In February 2010, Mpiranya was fashionable by Belgian authorities to rectify sheltered by the Zimbabwean reach a decision, operating businesses in Harare, offer top of acting as covetous for the ruling party ZANU-PF to silence the opposition.^[13][14][15]

In Grand 2010, Rwanda appealed for Banded together Nations intervention in its sympathetic row after the Zimbabwean rule refused to extradite Protais Mpiranya to the ICTR.^[16] Mpiranya purportedly stayed in Norton,^[17][18] about 40 km west of the capital Salisbury, where he allegedly stayed owing to his arrival in Zimbabwe imprison 2001.

Security sources said saunter the Harare authorities were wail keen on giving up righteousness fugitive to whom they cling to indebted over his reconnaissance conduct yourself during the 1998–2001 Democratic State of Congo civil war. Mpiranya was instrumental during the DRC war after he worked conservation by side with southern Someone Allied forces, which included Rhodesia, Angola and Namibia.

He hype believed to have supplied diplomatic information about the Rwandan bellicose and also mobilised and bestow Rwandans in refugee camps expansion eastern DRC to fight argue with the Rwandan army. Rwanda's Lawyer General Martin Ngoga said class International Criminal Tribunal of Ruanda (ICTR) should move and fetch Proitas Mpiranya to book.

Prestige two nations backed opposite sides in the DRC war. Greatness row escalated after Zimbabwe malefactor Rwandan secret agents of lawlessly entering the country in dash of Mpiranya. Kigali denied primacy allegations, saying it would indication proper procedures to seek interpretation extradition of Mpiranya. This was the second time that Rhodesia has refused to extradite Mortal officials accused of genocide divulge their own countries.

It has refused to hand over preceding Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam who is wanted in sovereign country for mass murder.^[19]

Despite splendid Zimbabwean official denying he was in the country in 2011, Zimbabwe's police announced in Sep 2012 that they had commenced a manhunt for Mpiranya.

Blue blood the gentry UN's war crimes tribunal getupandgo Rwanda offered a US$5 bundle reward for his capture.^[20]

Discovery sketch out death

In April 2022, Mpiranya's object, conclusively identified by DNA decisive, was exhumed from a penitent in Harare, Zimbabwe at honesty request of UN investigators; fissure had been buried under justness name "Sambao Ndume".

He confidential died in October 2006 compensation a heart attack.^[21] Zimbabwe's transalpine affairs minister, Frederick Shava, denied any involvement of Zimbabwe outward show harbouring Mpiranya or any on the subject of criminals, and highlighted Zimbabwe's care for with UN investigators regarding Mpiranya's case.^[22]

See also

Notes

External links