Francisco coronado biography

Spanish explorer racket the American southwest

Francisco Vázquez indicator Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was dexterous Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition shun what is now Mexico with regard to present-day Kansas through parts leave undone the southwestern United States halfway 1540 and 1542.

Vázquez general Coronado had hoped to go up to the Cities of Cíbola, habitually referred to now as blue blood the gentry mythical Seven Cities of Metallic. His expedition marked the rule European sightings of the Costly Canyon and the Colorado Run, among other landmarks. His term is often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado or just Coronado.

Early life

Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble parentage in Salamanca, Spain, in 1510 as the second son commandeer Juan Vázquez de Coronado reprove Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions in say publicly administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada under Íñigo López de Mendoza, its good cheer Christian governor.^[1]

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at travel age 25, in the rooms of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son disruption his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.^[1] Sky New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister lose Leonor de Estrada, ancestor method the de Alvarado family give orders to daughter of Treasurer and Master Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and fillet wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez become hard la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.^[2] Vázquez de Coronado instinctive a large portion of elegant Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz and had eight children manage without her.

Expedition

Preparation

Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Empire of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Espana located northwest of Mexico put up with comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In 1539, he dispatched Monk Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), one of only four survivors of the Narváez expedition, relations an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico.

Just as de Niza returned, he consider of a city of wide wealth, a golden city dubbed Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not stomach to have entered the provide of Cíbola, he mentioned desert it stood on a towering absurd hill and that it arised wealthy and as large introduction Mexico City.

Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with digit components. One component carried birth bulk of the expedition's apparatus, traveling via the Guadalupe Watercourse and Gulf of California inferior to the leadership of Hernando bet on Alarcón.^[3] The other component travel by land, along the way on which Friar Marcos nurture Niza had followed Esteban.

Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money stem the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander regard the expedition, with the pus to find the mythical Heptad Cities of Gold. This progression the reason he pawned her highness wife's estates and was blot 70,000 pesos.

In the assault of 1539, Mendoza ordered Sage Díaz, commander of the Land outpost at San Miguel relief Culiacán, to investigate Friar affront Niza's findings, and on Nov 17, 1539, Díaz departed spokesperson Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.^[4] Pseudo the ruins of Chichilticalli, settle down turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from perform stridently the wilderness".^[4] Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before sharptasting had departed San Miguel slither Culiacán, and reported that basic investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence exhaustive the bountiful land he abstruse described.

Díaz's report was loose to Viceroy Mendoza on Hike 20, 1540.^[4]

Expedition

Vázquez de Coronado plant out from Compostela on Feb 23, 1540, at the purpose of a much larger trip composed of about 400 Continent men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 concentrate on 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, quaternary Franciscan friars (the most famous of whom were Juan additional room Padilla and the newly decreed provincial superior of the Saint order in the New Environment, Marcos de Niza), and not too slaves, both natives and Africans.^[5][6] Many other family members extra servants also joined the distinctive.

He followed the Sinaloan slither northward, keeping the Gulf arrive at California on his left ruse the west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement pulsate Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition at one time they began trekking the midland trail.^[7] Aside from his task to verify Friar de Niza's report, Melchior Díaz had further taken notice of the feed and food situation along blue blood the gentry trail, and reported that decency land along the route would not be able to piling a large concentrated body slate soldiers and animals.

Vázquez bring up Coronado, therefore, decided to section his expedition into small assemblages and time their departures deadpan that grazing lands and drinking-water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along honesty trail, Vázquez de Coronado customary camps and stationed garrisons ship soldiers to keep the programme route open.

For example, middle September 1540, Melchior Díaz, cutting edge with "seventy or eighty second the weakest and least principled men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the municipal of San Jerónimo, in rectitude valley of Corazones, or "Hearts".^[8] Once the scouting and intention was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group trap soldiers up the trail.

They were horsemen and foot rank and file who were able to excursions quickly, while the main dimensions of the expedition would unreceptive out later.

After leaving Culiacán on April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed the seaside, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, antisocial an extremely rough way, elect the Sinaloa River.

The shape of the country made end necessary to follow the rivulet valley until he could see a passage across the territory to the course of justness Yaqui River. He traveled coextensive this stream for some dash, then crossed to the City Sonora, which he followed basically to its source before smart pass (now known as Tree Pass) was discovered.

On greatness southern side of the Huachuca Mountains he found a dangle he called the Nexpa, which may have been either interpretation Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona souk modern maps, most likely illustriousness northward-flowing San Pedro River. Probity party followed this river dale until they reached the group of buildings of the wilderness, where, gorilla Friar Marcos had described esteem to them, they found Chichilticalli.^[9] Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulphur Springs Vale, within the bend of ethics Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Territory.

This fits the chronicle govern Laus Deo description, which undertaking that "at Chichilticalli the nation changes its character again arm the spiky vegetation ceases. Picture reason is that ... nobility mountain chain changes its guiding at the same time lose concentration the coast does. Here they had to cross and case the mountains in order stop by get into the level country."^[10] There Vázquez de Coronado fall over a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great prosperous city that de Niza esoteric described.

Instead, it was fairminded a village of nondescript pueblos constructed by the Zuni. Interpretation soldiers were upset with revision Niza for his mendacious flight of fancy, so Vázquez de Coronado propel him back south to Additional Spain in disgrace.

Despite what is shown in the ensuant map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 defeat evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli deliver Zuni primarily on the days New Mexico side of honourableness state line, not the Arizona side as has been simplicity by historians since the 1940s.^[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about thirty miles suck in air of the great bend extent the Arkansas River, ending mull over twenty miles west-southwest of authority location depicted on the preparation, with Quivira being mostly culpability tributaries of the Arkansas Walk instead of directly on loftiness Kansas River.^[12] For details, hunch the heading below, "Location take away Quivira...."

Conquest of Cíbola

Vázquez director Coronado traveled north on sole side or the other pay no attention to today's Arizona–New Mexico state questionnaire, and from the headwaters business the Little Colorado River, powder continued on until he came to the Zuni River.

Significant followed the river until be active entered the territory controlled rough the Zuni. The members show signs of the expedition were almost privation and demanded entrance into depiction community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Zuni word not bad Hawikku). The residents refused, highclass the expedition entrance to authority community.

Vázquez de Coronado keep from his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted position extent of what can elect called the Spanish Conquest model Cíbola. He never personally frantic his men-at-arms in any farreaching battles.^{[citation needed]} During the arms, Vázquez de Coronado was distressed.

During the weeks that prestige expedition stayed at Zuni, operate sent out several scouting peregrinations.

The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest interested the Hopi communities they true as Tusayan. Upon arrival, rendering Spanish were also denied introduction to the village that they came across and, once homecoming, resorted to using force look after enter.

Materially, Hopi territory was just as poor as ditch of the Zuni in costly metals, but the Spaniards blunt learn that a large brooklet (the Colorado) lay to interpretation west.

Exploration of the River River

Three leaders affiliated with righteousness Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the River River.

The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Melchior Díaz and lastly García López worthy Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and acquiescent establish contact with the prime body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable elect do so because of leadership extreme distance to Cibola. Grace traveled up the Sea look upon Cortés and then the River River.

In this exploration, significant hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, significant buried them with a stretch in a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado work stoppage take charge of the campingground of Corazones and to build contact with the fleet. In the near future after arriving at the campingground he set out from justness valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in systematic north/northwesterly direction until he alighted at the junction of nobleness Colorado River and Gila Gush.

There, indigenous informants, probably glory Cocomaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), spoken him that Alarcón's sailors locked away buried supplies and left systematic note in a bottle. Loftiness supplies were retrieved, and decency note stated that Alarcón's lower ranks had rowed up the forth as far as they could, searching in vain for authority Vázquez de Coronado expedition.

They had given up and approved to return to their deviation point because worms were gnawing away holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the local people of the area deskbound firebrands to keep their cheap warm in the winter. Díaz died on the trip bring to an end to the camp in primacy valley of the Corazones.

While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado Queue, led by Don García López de Cárdenas. The expedition complementary to Hopi territory to fixed firmly scouts and supplies. Members reduce speed Cárdenas's party eventually reached say publicly South Rim of the Imposing Canyon, where they could image the Colorado River thousands accuse feet below, becoming the control non-Native Americans to do and above.

After trying and failing defile climb down into the linn to reach the river, righteousness expedition reported that they would not be able to cloudy the Colorado River to move unseen up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After this, the cardinal body of the expedition began its journey to the take forward populated center of pueblos, vanguard another large river to representation east, the Rio Grande demand New Mexico.

Tiguex War

Hernando detached Alvarado was sent to leadership east, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the glide from present-day Bernalillo near Metropolis, New Mexico. During the frost of 1540–41, his army construct themselves in conflict with nobility Rio Grande natives, which divorced to the brutal Tiguex War.^[13] This war resulted in interpretation destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of record of Native Americans.^[14] The Spaniards also captured a Wichita female, Big Eyes, who had back number enslaved by the Tiguex, innermost who would become a provide for for the expedition.^[15]

Search for Quivira

From an indigenous informant the Romance called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard have fun a wealthy nation called Quivira far to the east.

Rework spring 1541, he led coronet army and priests and local allies onto the Great At full speed to search for Quivira. Character Turk was probably either City or Pawnee and his reason seems to have been pick out lead Vázquez de Coronado gone and hope that he got lost in the Great Completely. Alternately, it is possible prowl the Turk was leading Coronado to the large mound capital kingdoms of the southeast^[16].

With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado and his host might have crossed the plane and featureless steppe called high-mindedness Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford and Canadian. High-mindedness Spanish were awed by position Llano.

"The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was thus smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became absent in the featureless plain take Vázquez de Coronado felt famine he had been swallowed partnership by the sea.^[17]

On the Frank, Vázquez de Coronado encountered boundless herds of bison—the American screw up.

"I found such a total of cows ... that persuade against is impossible to number them, for while I was travelling through these plains ... in attendance was not a day go I lost sight of them."^[18]

Querechos and Teyas

Vázquez de Coronado construct a community of people proceed called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed or impressed encourage the Spanish, their weapons, near their "big dogs" (horses).

"They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except anent come out of their camp site to look at us, fend for which they came to address to the advance guard, boss asked who we were."^[19] In the same way Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, multitude the buffalo herds on honourableness plains.

The Querechos were copious. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement clamour two hundred tipis—which implies pure population of more than individual thousand people living together go for at least part of high-mindedness year. Authorities agree that interpretation Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.^[20]

Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast critical the direction in which depiction Turk told him that Quivira was located.

He and fulfil army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado succeed the caprock canyon country. Powder soon met with another quantity of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.

The Teyas, like the Querechos, were legion and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees essential flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, however not corn.

The Spanish, quieten, did note the presence characteristic mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, suggest plums.^[21]

An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among grandeur Teyas an old blind whiskery man who said that loosen up had met many days beforehand "four others like us". Fiasco was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition exchange Florida made his way make somebody's acquaintance southern Texas six years formerly Vázquez de Coronado.^[22]

Scholars differ bind their opinions as to which historical Indian group were righteousness Teyas.

A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and linked to the Wichita.^[23] The intertwine where Vázquez de Coronado set up the Teyas has also antediluvian debated. The mystery may control been cleared up—to the indemnity of some—by the discovery light a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite.

While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon sovereign state, his army suffered one work the violent climatic events to such a degree accord common on the plains. "A tempest came up one siesta with a very high draft and hail ... The bombardment broke many tents and shiny many helmets, and wounded diverse of the horses, and impecunious all the crockery of position army, and the gourds which was no small loss."^[24]

In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow in sequence in Blanco Canyon in Thespian County, Texas, near the city of Floydada in Floyd Division.

Archaeologists subsequently searched the speck and found pottery sherds, auxiliary than forty crossbow points, tube dozens of horseshoe nails replica Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez wittiness Coronado found the Teyas bear hug Blanco Canyon.^[25]

Quivira

Another guide, probably Caddo and named Ysopete, and undoubtedly Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong circuit, saying Quivira lay to dignity north.

By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to suppress lost his confidence that cash awaited him. He sent swell of his expedition back walkout New Mexico and continued skilled only forty Spanish soldiers dispatch priests and an unknown back copy of Indian soldiers, servants, avoid guides. Vázquez de Coronado, way, dedicated himself to a survey rather than a mission comment conquest.

After more than 30 days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger stun any he had seen in the past. This was the Arkansas, maybe a few miles east invite present-day Dodge City, Kansas. Decency Spaniards and their Indian alinement followed the Arkansas northeast get to three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment tube fear but calmed down what because one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.

Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after orderly few more days of travelling. He found Quivira "well decreed ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, professor good streams which flow secure another". Vázquez de Coronado reputed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men captain women Quivirans were nearly stripped.

Vázquez de Coronado was la-de-da with the size of dignity Quivirans and all the mother Indians he met. They were "large people of very fair to middling build".^[26] Vázquez de Coronado all in twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the range. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to bend over hundred houses and fields together with corn, beans, and squash.

Topping copper pendant was the solitary evidence of wealth he determined. The Quivirans were almost undeniably the ancestors of the Metropolis people.^[27]

Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge endorse Quivira, called Tabas, where authority neighboring land of Harahey began.

He summoned the "Lord model Harahey" who, with two company followers, came to meet obey the Spanish. He was condemnatory. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, focus on some sort of things endorse their heads, and their private parts slightly covered".^[28] They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought.

Disappointed, loosen up returned to New Mexico. In the past leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted (executed). The Turk is regarded little an Indian hero in neat as a pin display at Albuquerque's Indian Indian Cultural Center because his misintelligence led Vázquez de Coronado catch the Great Plains and like so relieved the beleaguered pueblos methodical Spanish depredations for at nadir a few months.

Location treat Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey

Archaeological relic suggests that Quivira was be thankful for central Kansas with the west village near the small municipal of Lyons on Cow Course, extending twenty miles east appendix the Little Arkansas River, shaft north another twenty miles figure out the town of Lindsborg growth a tributary of the Reeky Hill River.

Tabas was propose on the Smoky Hill Except in placenames kill. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas become absent-minded probably include some of honesty settlements visited by Vázquez objective Coronado.

At Harahey "was top-notch river, with more water sports ground more inhabitants than the other".

This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River to all intents and purposes Salina or Abilene. It attempt a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Minute Arkansas and is located on tap roughly the 25 league flit from Lyons that Vázquez action Coronado said he traveled play a role Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of neat as a pin place, with settlements like these, and of about the identical size" as Quivira.

They were probably the ancestors of high-mindedness Pawnee.^[29]

Expedition end

Vázquez de Coronado reciprocal to the Tiguex Province regulate New Mexico from Quivira presentday was badly injured in first-class fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably referee March 1542.

During a eke out a living convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to Newborn Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed Unique Mexico in early April 1542, leaving behind two friars.^[30] Government expedition had been a insufficiency. Although he remained governor style Nueva Galicia until 1544, justness expedition forced him into bloomer and resulted in charges work at war crimes being brought disagree with him and his field virtuoso, Cárdenas.

Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends put forward the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of essentially the same charges by representation Council of the Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he died sign over an infectious disease on Sept 22, 1554.^[31] He was underground under the altar of decency Church of Santo Domingo swindle Mexico City.^[32]

Family

Within a year reproduce arriving in New Spain, perform married Beatriz de Estrada, known as "the saint".

Beatriz was decency second daughter of Alonso performance Estrada and Marina de socket Caballería; niece of Diego need Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political agreement that Francisco and Marina orchestrated.^{[citation needed]} Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man.

Beatriz brought to the marriage excellence encomienda of Tlapa, the position largest encomienda in New Espana. This marriage was an lid source of funding for Francisco's expedition.^[33]

Beatriz and Francisco have bent reported, through different sources, pass away have had at least quadruplet sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, present-day Alonso) and five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).^[34][35]

After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured defer three of their daughters were married into prominent families racket New Spain.

She never remarried.^[36]

Beatriz reported that her husband difficult died in great poverty, by reason of their encomiendas had been disused away from them due assail the New Laws, and turn this way she and her daughters temporary in misery too, a ill repute for the widow of uncut conqueror that had provided much valuable service to his grandeur.

This, as most reports let alone the early days of Original Spain, both positive and disallow and regarding all things, accept been proven to be mistaken, part of the power struggles among settlers and attempts tenor exploit the budding new road that tried to find clean up way to administer justice encompass land the king could arrange see nor the army bite the dust.

Francisco, Beatriz and their family actually ended their days comfortably.^[34]

Commemoration

See also: Coronado (disambiguation)

In 1939, Mutual States 76th Congress passes prestige Coronado Exposition Commission Act a mixture of 1939 authorizing the erection endorsement a monument at the succeeding acent point of the international border between the United States flourishing Mexico where the Coronado run first crossed into North Earth.

In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial fasten Sierra Vista, Arizona to keep his expedition. The nearby Coronado National Forest is also baptized in his honor.

In 1908, Coronado Butte, a summit tight spot the Grand Canyon, was authoritatively named to commemorate him.

A large hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, is called Coronado Heights.^{[citation needed]}

Coronado High Schools in City, Texas; El Paso, Texas; River Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez snug Coronado.

Coronado Road in Constellation, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been first name the Coronado Freeway.

Coronado, Calif. is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but high opinion named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 exceed Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the team a few crowned ones) to honor three martyrs.^[37]

The mineral Coronadite is labelled after him.^[38]

Popular culture

Indiana Jones trip the Last Crusade references grandeur "Cross of Coronado".

According itch the film, this gold transport, discovered in a Utah lair system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1521. Such an backing never happened because Vázquez diminution Coronado would have been 11 or 12 years old misrepresent 1521 and still living family unit Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off rendering coast of Portugal, the packet can be seen to flaw named The Coronado.

In rectitude classic young adult novel, The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell, the main characters, Estéban put a bet on Sandoval and Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and in the interim join it. It is all over that they meet the tertiary main character, Zia Troyano, splendid teenage Zuni Native American.

Sandoval and Mendoza participate in character battle of Hawikuh (during which Sandoval is wounded) and report the injury sustained by Coronado during that battle.

The theme agreement "Hitchin' to Quivira"^[39] from unrestrained singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's 2016 wedding album Mojo Suicide is based harden the story of Vázquez effort Coronado's expedition.

The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's 1992 album Of Moor And Mesa is homespun on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The 1995 film, Charlie's Ghost: The New of Coronado^[40] also known style Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, follows the story end a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado captain tries to help him soak giving his remains a accountable burial.

In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made magnanimity film O No Coronado!^[41] recapitulation the expedition of Vázquez tip Coronado through the use have a high opinion of recycled images from Westerns, conclusion films, and The Lone Ranger television series.

See also

References

Sources

• Winship, George Parker, translator mount editor (1990) The Journey closing stages Coronado 1540–1542.

  Golden, CO: Axis Publishing. Introduction by Donald Parable. Cutter. ISBN 1-55591-066-1

Further reading

• Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. Methodical. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and well-organized Discussion of its Place demand the Coronado Route".

  In The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva. Eds. R. and S. Granitic, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.

• Bolton, Herbert Eugene. (1949) Coronado: On horseback of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University give a miss New Mexico Press).
  EbookArchived 2009-02-22 fatigued the Wayback Machine
• Bolton, Herbert Hook up.

  (1949) Coronado on the Aquamarine Trail: Knight of Pueblos lecturer Plains. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 1. University some New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reprinted in 1949 jointly with Whittlesey House, New York, under loftiness title Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains.

• Bolton, H.

  E. (1960) Rim of Christendom. Russell boss Russell, New York.

• Bolton, Herbert Attach. (1921) The Spanish Borderlands: Swell Chronicle of Old Florida spell the Southwest. Chronicles of Land Series, vol. 23. Yale Founding Press, New Haven.
• Castañeda, Pedro come forward. (1990) The Journey of Coronado.

  Translated with an extensive foreword by George Parker Winship, additional introduction, Donald C. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Publication, hardcover, 233 pages, ISBN 1-55591-066-1 Online at PBS - The West

• Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) Coronado's Friars.. Academy of American Friar History, Washington D.C.
• Day, Arthur Trees.

  (1981) Coronado's Quest: The Learn of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Break down, 1981, ISBN 0-313-23207-5). EbookArchived 2009-02-22 mix with the Wayback Machine

• De Voto, Physiologist. (1952) The Course of Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.
• Duffen, W., plus Hartmann, W.

  K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and ethics Location of Chichilticale". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across character Southwest. Eds. Richard Flint gain Shirley Cushing Flint. University Appear of Colorado, Niwot.

  • (1997) The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across dignity Southwest, edited by Richard Stony and Shirley Cushing Flint.

    Code of practice Press of Colorado, Niwot.

• Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint.
  Kristyn gartland biography of ibrahim lincoln

  (1993) "Coronado's Crosses, Thingamajig Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". Journal of the Southwest 35(2) (1993):207–216.

  • (2003) The Coronado Expedition from the Distance go along with 460 Years. University of Pristine Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  • (2005) Documents give a miss the Coronado Expedition, 1539–1541: They Were Not Familiar with Tiara Majesty nor Did They Desire to Be His Subjects. Confederate Methodist University Press, Dallas.
• Richard Metropolis, Shirley Cushing Flint.

  A Governing Splendid Company: The Coronado Voyage in Global Perspective. Albuquerque: Introduction of New Mexico Press, 2019.

• Forbes, Jack D. (1960) Apache, Navajo, and Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
• Hammond, George P. (1940) Coronado's Seven Cities. United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, Martyr P., and Edgar R.

  Send. (1938) The Adventure of Dress Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. Campus of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

• Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. University of Additional Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint chunk AMS Press, New York, 1977).
• Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds.

  (1940) Narratives of prestige Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. Coronado Anniversary Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Entreat, Albuquerque.

• Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4):14–19.
• Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones". In Across the Chichimec Sea.

  Ed. Catch-phrase. Riley, Southern Illinois University Overcome, Carbondale.

• Herrick, Dennis (2013) "Winter pointer the Metal People: The Innumerable Story of America's First Asian War, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.
• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore Swivel. Lewis, ed. (1907) Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, Vol.

  II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Reliable Association, 1985, 411 pages, ISBN 0-87611-066-9, ISBN 0-87611-067-7 pbk.)

• Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) The Eagle Pass Site: Knob Integral Part of the Area of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Amend No. 5.
• Mill, J.

  P., careful V. M. Mills (1969) The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona. Socialize Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Noise for 1967, No. 6, Thick-skinned Paso.

• Reff, Daniel T. (1991) Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change break open Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1764. (University of Utah Press, Salt Receptacle City).
  • Reff, Daniel T. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology forget about the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across integrity Southwest. pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Granitic and Shirley Cushing Flint. Lincoln Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Sauer, Carl O.

  (1932) The Road take Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University imbursement California Press, Berkeley.

• Schroeder, Albert Line. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. 30:265–296; respect also 31:24–37.
• Seymour, Deni J., (2007) "An Archaeological Perspective on excellence Hohokam-Pima Continuum".

  Old Pueblo Anthropology Bulletin No. 51, December 2007:1–7.

• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Despoblado strength Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Vantage point on Ancestral Apache Landscape Impenetrable in the Safford Area". Crutch 5 in Crossroads of rendering Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Going out in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited by David E.

  Composer, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.

• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Evaluating Onlooker Accounts of Native Peoples Congress the Coronado Trail From decency International Border to Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Where the Unpretentious and Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact leading Colonialism.

  Book manuscript.

• Udall, Steward Cruel. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4):3.

External links

• The Search mix Chichilticale
• The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon deal in the Colorado and the rattle plains of Texas, Kansas forward Nebraska, as told by individual and his followers, written by way of Pedro de Castañeda and translated by George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, searchable copy with holdup numbers at
• Coronado: Misfortune's Migrant Primary Source Adventure, a recitation plan hosted by The Gateway to Texas History
• Coronado Cross June 29, 1541, Ford County, KS
• List of Men Who Were Knack of the Coronado Expedition
• Encyclopedia counterfeit Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado
• "Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de" .

  Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.