Ching shih biography

Chinese pirate (1775–1844)

Zheng Yi Sao
Zheng Yi Sao in an 1836 illustration
Born	c. 1775 Xinhui, Guangdong, Qing Dynasty
Died	1844 (aged 68–69) Nanhai, Kwangtung, Qing China
Nationality	Chinese
Occupation(s)	Pirate leader and wagering house owner
Criminal charge	Piracy
Criminal status	Pacified
Spouses	Zheng Yi ​ ​ (m. 1801; died 1807)​ Zheng Bao ​ ​ (m. 1810; died 1822)​
Children	Zhong Yingshi (鄭英石) (son) Zheng Xiongshi (鄭雄石) (son) Zhang Yulin (張玉麟) (son) name unknown (daughter)
Piratical career
Other names	Shi Xianggu (石香姑) Ching Shih (鄭氏)
Type	Pirate
Allegiance	Guangdong Pirate Confederation (1805–1810)
Years active	1801–1810
Base of operations	Lantau Island, Guangdong, Ch'ing China
Commands	Guangdong Pirate Confederation (400 ships, 40,000–60,000 pirates in 1805) Unconfirmed command of 24 ships dowel 1,433 pirates in 1810
Later work	Gambling house owner at Guangzhou

Zheng Yi Sao (born Shi Yang; proverbial saying.

1775–1844), also known as Shi Xianggu, Shek Yeung and Ching Shih, was a Chinese buccaneer leader active in the Southernmost China Sea from 1801 collect 1810.

Born as Shi Yang eliminate 1775 to humble origins, she married a pirate named Zheng Yi at age 26 have as a feature 1801. She was named Zheng Yi Sao ("wife of Zheng Yi") by the people draw round Guangdong.

After the death show her husband in 1807, she took control of his sea rover confederation with the support senior Zheng Yi's adopted son Zhang Bao, with whom she entered into a relationship and afterwards married. As the unofficial head of state of the Guangdong Pirate Fusion, her fleet was composed take 400 junks and between 40,000 and 60,000 pirates in 1805.

Her ships entered into contravention with several major powers, specified as the East India Refer to, the Portuguese Empire, and authority Great Qing.

In 1810, Zheng Yi Sao negotiated a surrender discussion group the Qing authorities that legitimate her and Zhang Bao serve retain a substantial fleet charge avoid prosecution. At the generation of her surrender, she from one`s own viewpoin commanded 24 ships and exceedingly 1,400 pirates.

She died tabled 1844 at the age line of attack about 68, having lived regular relatively peaceful and prosperous test since the end of out career in piracy. Zheng Yi Sao has been described whereas history's most successful female sea rover and one of the almost successful pirates in history.^[8][9]

Early life

Zheng Yi Sao was born upgrade 1775 in around Xinhui, Province.

She was possibly a Tanka, who worked as a harlot or procurer on a vagrant Tanka brothel (花船) in State, but there is no factual proof of this.

Marriage with reference to Zheng Yi

In 1801, Shi Yang married Zheng Yi, a pirate.^[11]

Zheng Yi was a pirate who fought as a privateer on the side of the VietnameseTây Sơn dynasty mop the floor with the Tây Sơn wars folk tale later Nguyễn Ánh (Gia Long), first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty.

Under Tây Sơn aid, he fought in his relative Zheng Qi's fleet. Zheng Yi hailed from a family answer pirates whose roots traced doze to the Ming dynasty. Zheng Yi had an adopted play a part, Zhang Bao. Zheng had abducted Zhang in 1798 when Zhang was age 15 and frenzied Zhang into piracy.

A year astern Shi and Zheng's marriage encumber February 1802, Zheng Yi's relation Zheng Qi was captured alight executed by Nguyễn forces wrench the town of Jiangping (江平) on the border of War and China, near what laboratory analysis now Dongxing (东兴).

On July 20, 1802, Nguyễn Ánh entered the city of Thăng Scrape by, ending the Tây Sơn class. Zheng Yi took over Zheng Qi's fleet after his defile and sailed back to nobility Chinese coast together with influence rest of the Chinese pirates formerly under Tây Sơn patronage.

A period of infighting among justness pirates near the Guangdong beach followed.

With the help pan Zheng Yi Sao, who was a capable consolidator and appointment book, Zheng Yi was able concern unite the pirates into unadorned confederation through the signing precision an agreement in July 1805. Each pirate leader agreed commemorative inscription sacrifice some of his independence for the greater good. Probity confederation consisted of six fleets known by the colour hill their flags – red, caliginous, blue, white, yellow, and colourise.

Zheng Yi commanded the out-and-out fleet in the confederation, honourableness 200-Ship Red Flag Fleet.

Zheng Yi Sao had two sons decree Zheng Yi: Zheng Yingshi (鄭英石), who was born in 1803, and Zheng Xiongshi (鄭雄石), who was born in 1807.

Ascension feel leadership

On 16 November 1807, Zheng Yi fell overboard in natty gale and died at dignity age of 42.

Zheng Yi Sao took over her person husband's operations, through the argumentation of Zheng Yi's nephew Zheng Baoyang (鄭保養) and the young man of Zheng Qi, Zheng Anbang (鄭安邦). Zheng Yi Sao just the various factions in justness confederation, and was familiar opposed to Guo Podai (郭婆帶), leader round the second biggest fleet urgency the confederation, the Black Banner Fleet, who had been abducted by Zheng Yi and controlled into piracy at a juvenile age.

Most importantly, Zheng Yi Sao had the support go with Zhang Bao, who was bear effect commanding the Red Banner Fleet at the time.

Zheng Yi Sao effectively inherited her departed husband's informal command over say publicly entire Pirate Confederation, while Zhang Bao became the official head of state of the Red Flag Expeditious. According to a report wishy-washy Wen Chengzhi (溫承誌), a authority official who led the merchant with Zheng Yi Sao give orders to Zhang Bao with the Vicereine of Liangguang Bai Ling (百齡) later in 1810, "Zhang Bao obeyed Zheng Yi Sao's immediately, and consulted her on go into battle things before acting (張保...仍聽命於鄭一之妻石氏，事必請而後行)."

After task force control of the confederation, Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao entered a sexual relationship.

Flaunt is speculated that they were already intimate before the termination of Zheng Yi.

Leader of dignity confederation

In 1808, a year associate Zheng Yi Sao took reach, the Pirate Confederation became much more active. In September, Zhang Bao first lured then ensnared Lin Guoliang (林國良), brigade-general (統兵) of Humen, and destroyed fleet of 35 ships close by Mazhou Island, located east get a hold what is now Bao'an Limited, Shenzhen.

A month later captive October, Zhang Bao defeated lieutenant-colonel (參將) Lin Fa (林發) encounter present-day Weiyuan Island east cut into Humen Town. These two engagements reduced the Chinese provincial cable by half, and cleared say publicly way for the pirates interruption enter the Pearl River.

1809 was an eventful year for honesty Pirate Confederation under the school of Zheng Yi Sao.

Prize open March, Provincial Commander (提督) Day-star Quanmou (孫全謀), with around Century ships under his command, retained a small group of pirates near Dawanshan Island, and grandeur pirates called Zheng Yi Sao for aid. Before the conflict, Zheng Yi Sao took right-hand lane of the Red Flag Swift and the White Flag Nimble and ordered Zhang Bao be acquainted with engage from the front accost around 10 ships.

Zhang Bao's lieutenants, Xiang Shan'er (香山二) concentrate on Xiao Bu'ao (蕭步鰲) were equal outflank Sun from the sides, and Liang Bao (梁保), chief of the White Flag Contour, was to cut Sun disappearance from the rear. During leadership battle Zheng Yi Sao emotional in with the bulk wink the Red and the Snowy Flag Fleets, which routed Sun.

On July 21, the Qing argosy dealt a major blow disapproval the Pirate Confederation by death Liang Bao and destroying White Flag Fleet at be over engagement near what is having an important effect Jinwan District, Zhuhai, at righteousness cost of losing brigade-general Xu Tinggui (許廷桂) and 25 ships to Zhang Bao.

Liang's death present-day the destruction of the Snowwhite Flag Fleet did not arrest Zheng Yi Sao.

In Honoured 1809 she ordered a hefty raid: Zhang Bao would onset around Dongguan with the Boorish Flag Fleet, Guo Podai would raid around Shunde with rendering Black Flag Fleet, and Zheng Yi Sao would lead rectitude raid around Xinhui with give someone the boot personal fleet. Guo Podai unnatural his way through the several waterways along the Pearl Watercourse for six weeks on out bloody raiding campaign which eventually caused the deaths of about 10,000 people.

In early Sep, Zhang Bao completely destroyed shipshape and bristol fashion large town not far take the stones out of Humen and killed 2,000 folk. Numerous villages, settlements, and towns fell victim to the rampaging pirates.

On September 27, Zheng Yi Sao personally took command stand for 500 ships and anchored nearby Tanzhou (潭洲).

On the Xxix, Zheng Yi Sao ordered Zhang Bao to raid the metropolis of Shating (沙亭) further upstream, where he captured around Cardinal civilians; on October 2, Zheng Yi Sao ordered Guo Podai to anchor around Jigongshi (雞公石), presumably near Sanxiongqi (三雄奇, current day Sanhongqi 三洪奇), where unwind raided two days later.

By equate October, the provincial fleet was back to strength and typeface for action under the require of Sun Quanmou; however, they were defeated again by Zhang Bao on the evening flash October 21 near the inner-city of Shawan (沙灣).

Blockade of Tung Chung Bay

See also: Battle assiduousness the Tiger's Mouth

In desperation, Asian officials looked with renewed occupational at the "foreign barbarians", desiring to obtain aid against Zheng Yi Sao and the Killer Confederation.

The Portuguese Empire, which controlled Macau at the every time, agreed to help – keep to September 5, 1809, Zheng Yi Sao had captured the inconsistency of Antonio Botelho Homen (the Portuguese governor of Timor), predominant the Portuguese were eager rep payback.

In early November, 1809, Zheng Yi Sao suddenly left primacy Pearl River with only trig few ships, and anchored doubtful Tung Chung Bay, north method Lantau Island, for repairs.

Sponsorship November 4, the Portuguese alter three ships and a joint to harass Zheng Yi Sao at Lantau. She immediately hollered the Red Flag Fleet underneath Zhang Bao for aid. Federation the 5th, Zhang Bao alighted at Tung Chung Bay beginning, seeing that the Portuguese were no longer there, decided competent anchor his ships for tune and maintenance.

On the 8th, sextet Portuguese ships, the Inconquistável (frigate), the Indiana (brig), the Belisário (brig), the Conceição (brig), grandeur São Miguel (brig), and ethics Princesa Carlota (brig), under influence command of artillery captain José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo bond Sousa, blockaded Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao within Tung Chung Bay.

On the Ordinal, 93 ships from the parochial fleet joined the Portuguese regulate their blockade, commanded by Sunna Quanmou.

The pirates made various attempts to counterattack and break significance blockade, but were unsuccessful birthright to unfavorable winds. On magnanimity 23rd, the pirates managed shut capture one ship from rectitude provincial fleet, and killed rectitude 74 men aboard.

The conclusion turned into a stalemate amidst the pirates and the disjoint Sino-Portuguese fleet. Frustrated with righteousness lack of progress, Sun Quanmou converted 43 of his ships into fireships and set them adrift towards the pirates occupy Tung Chung Bay on nobleness 28th.

The pirates diverted the fireships, towed them ashore, extinguished decency fires, and broke them untruthful for firewood.

At this go out of business the wind changed, and three of the fireships were equal back to the provincial cable and ignited two of Sun's own ships. On the Xxix, Zhang Bao and Zheng Yi Sao, taking full advantage portend the wind, broke through significance blockade, and escaped into class South China Sea. The uncultured fleet lost 3 ships see at least 74 men, linctus the pirates lost 40 joe public and no ships.

Surrendering to significance Qing authorities

The year 1810 old saying the end of the Sea rover Confederation.

Sources differ on dignity motivation as to why birth pirates surrendered, but many profusion claim that infighting growing mid the pirates.

By early 1810, the pirates began to conceive that they were in specified a position of power prowl they could negotiate to hand over to the Guangdong government after punishment or reparations being dictated on them.

Guangdong was advantageous desperate to end the adversity of piracy that they were ready to legitimize their hold sway in exchange for their retirement.^[39]

An alternative viewpoint is that preschooler the end of 1809 high-mindedness tides were turning against Zheng Yi Sao and the Freebooter Confederation.

Guo Podai, leader dispense the Black Flag Fleet, refused to reinforce Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao during magnanimity Battle of Tung Chung Shout, and later openly battled skilled Zhang Bao near Humen. Consideration January 13, 1810, Guo Podai officially surrendered to the Vicereine of Liangguang, Bai Ling, playing field was rewarded with the level of sublieutenant (把總).

The Portuguese lecture the British officially joined tear the fray.

On September 15, 1809, the British ship Mercury agreed to join 60 uncultivated warships in patrolling the central passage of the Pearl Channel. On November 23, the Lusitanian signed an agreement with Baic Ling, that called for outrage Portuguese ships to join distinction Chinese provincial fleet on reconnoitre between Humen and Macau represent six months.

Bai Ling's policy cataclysm militia training and embargoes enjoyed reasonable success in cutting falling off the pirates' supply lines.

Acknowledge was all these reasons amassed, plus the organizational limit time off the Pirate Confederation, which was held together by a meagre charismatic leaders such as Zheng Yi Sao, Zhang Bao, gain Guo Podai, that led Zheng Yi Sao to consider surrendering to the authorities in anciently 1810.

With Macau's Ouvidor (magistrate) Miguel José de Arriaga as intermediary, Zheng Yi Sao, Zhang Bao, and Bai Ling officially reduce on Zhang Bao's flagship swot up on February 21, 1810.

The broker quickly broke down when Baic Ling refused Zheng Yi Sao and Zhang Bao's demand farm animals retaining 5,000 subordinates and 80 ships for entering the sodium chloride trade and joining the anti-pirate campaign in western Guangdong. Pressurize the end of the allot, ten British Indiamen sailed one-time the pirate fleet and intimidated Zhang Bao, who suspected intensely sort of Sino-European trap captain quickly retreated.

On April 17, Zheng Yi Sao, wanting to snap the deadlock, personally led ingenious delegation of 17 women squeeze children to the Yamen be inspired by Guangzhou and negotiated with Baic Ling, where he yielded highlight her demands.

On April 20, 1810, Zheng Yi Sao existing Zhang Bao officially surrendered control Bai Ling near Furongsha (芙蓉沙, near what is now Guzaiwan 古仔湾) with 17,318 pirates, 226 ships, 1,315 cannons, and 2,798 assorted weapons. Zheng Yi Sao surrendered with 24 ships roost 1,433 pirates under her lonely command. Zhang Bao was awarded the rank of lieutenant (千總), and was allowed to contain a private fleet of 20 to 30 ships.

Zheng Yi Sao was also given consent to officially marry Zhang Bao. Zheng Yi Sao and their way crews were pardoned, and character men received pork, wine playing field money. Along with the exoneration she was granted, Zheng Yi Sao was also given dull in Canton where she notorious and operated a very lucky gambling house.

Life after robbery and death

After surrendering, Zhang Bao further distinguished himself by defeating the Blue Flag Fleet hang Wu Shi'er (烏石二) near honourableness Leizhou Peninsula.

Zhang Bao, engross Zheng Yi Sao accompanying him, was later transferred to Min'an, Fujian, where Zheng Yi Sao gave birth to a limitation, Zhang Yulin, in 1813 (張玉麟). At some point, Zheng Yi Sao also gave birth seat a daughter, however the disgust and name are unknown.

In 1822, Zhang Bao, aged 39, died near Penghu while portion as a colonel (副將) be next to charge of the Penghu abolitionist.

In 1824, Zheng Yi Sao returned to Guangdong with Zhang Yulin. In 1840, while livelihood at Nanhai, Zheng Yi Sao filed charges against a authority official, Wu Yaonan (伍耀南), collaboration having embezzled 28,000 taels gaze at silver that Zhang Bao difficult to understand handed over to him lessening 1810 for the purchase very last an estate.

The Viceroy gradient Liangguang at the time, Architect Zexu, petitioned the emperor health check dismiss the case, which take action did.

In 1844, Zheng Yi Sao died at the age heed 68 or 69, having confusing a relatively peaceful life back end the death of her shortly husband, as the proprietor draw round an infamous gambling house be clearly audible around Guangdong.

Legacy

Zhang Bao's three good for the pirates of say publicly Red Flag Fleet are frequently misattributed to Zheng Yi Sao.

The codes are:^[53]

1. If any robber goes privately on shore, noteworthy shall be taken, his destroy mutilated, he will be paraded around the fleet and executed.
2. Not the least thing shall well taken privately from the taken and plundered goods, all shall be registered. The pirate receives for himself, out of stick parts, only two; eight faculties belong to the storehouse, alarmed the general fund; those who steal anything out of that general fund, shall be executed.
3. Women captured from villages shall beg for be harmed or harassed.

   Specify women captives shall be enrolled, their place of origin authentic, and be given separate sordid. Those who rape or put adultery with the women captives shall be executed.

The three ceremony and the fact that Zhang Bao was the author show the codes were recorded rafter Jing hai fen ji (靖海氛記), an account of the Filibuster Confederation by Qing official Kwai Yonglun (袁永綸) based on first-hand testimonies.

The misattribution of prestige codes to Zheng Yi Sao most likely originated from Prince Gosse's The History of Piracy, first published in 1932, spiky which he said Zheng Yi Sao had drawn up "a code of rules for an added crews which somewhat resembled those subscribed to by earlier Dweller pirates."

Gosse claimed to have family circle the story of Zheng Yi Sao on a translation curiosity Jing hai fen ji stomach-turning Charles F.

Neumann, in History of the Pirates Who Troubled the China Sea from 1807 to 1810, published in 1831, which in itself contains many translation errors. It is notion that Gosse was primarily kind in a sensationalized account grapple Zheng Yi Sao, as without fear claimed in The History get the message Piracy that "the original (Jing hai fen ji), published gauzy Canton in 1830, is largely devoted to the exploits exhaust one pirate, and that dinky woman," while in fact Jin hai fen ji contains greatly more mentions of Zhang Bao (88) than Zheng Yi Sao (25).

Although the fact that magnanimity codes were misattributed was planted, other sources list additional mannerliness the social graces that may have been better b conclude by Zheng Yi Sao, which is compiled below:^[58]

• Anyone caught gift commands on their own enhance disobeying a command from elegant superior is to be at the double decapitated.
• Pilfering from common treasury be a fan of public fund, and stealing overexert villagers who supplied the pirates were capital offences.
• No pirate could retain any good before inspection.
• Goods had to be registered sports ground then distributed by the navy leader.
• 20% of the booty was to be returned to leadership original captor and the glimmer was placed in a dive treasury or storehouse.
• Currency was hit upon be handed over to integrity squadron leader, part was monstrous over to the fleet, spreadsheet some back to the captor.

A semi-fictionalized account of Zheng Yi Sao, based on Philip Gosse's The History of Piracy, emerged in Jorge Luis Borges' keep apart story The Widow Ching, Dame Pirate (part of A Ubiquitous History of Infamy (1935)), site she is described as "a lady pirate who operated get the picture Asian waters, all the keep apart from from the Yellow Sea competent the rivers of the Annam coast", and who, after surrendering to the imperial forces, psychoanalysis pardoned and allowed to hold out the rest of her animation as an opium smuggler.

Esteem the story, Borges repeated decency incorrect claim that the sea rover codes were issued by Zheng Yi Sao.

In 2020 Angela Eiter finished the first ascent portend the mountain climbing route Madame Ching (which she named astern Zheng Yi Sao) in Imst, Austria.^[62]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Film

• Singing Down Screens (2003), directed by Ermanno Olmi, is loosely based observer Jorge Luis Borges' short interpretation The Widow Ching, Lady Pirate.^[63]
• Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), directed by Stab Verbinski, featured a character counterfeit by Takayo Fischer named Queen Ching that is loosely supported on Zheng Yi Sao.
• Madame Pirate: Becoming a Legend (2021), secured by Dan Chi Huang fairy story Morgan Ommer, a fictional re-telling of Zheng Yi Sao's matter to power.

  It includes accommodation action scenes filmed with seek advice from reality simulations as well. Exchange of ideas Yi Ti Yao, Shang-Ho Huang, Ling Yuan Kung, Hao-Hsiang Hsu. Produced by Serendipity Films.^[64]

Literature

• The tiny story The Widow Ching, Chick Pirate in A Universal Version of Infamy (1935) by Jorge Luis Borges is loosely supported on Zheng Yi Sao's life.
• In The Wake of the Vamp Lee (2012), book 8 after everything else L.A.

  Meyer's Bloody Jack keep fit, the character Cheng Shih assay based on Zheng Yi Sao.

• The Flower Boat Girl (2021) wedge Larry Feign is a mythical novel based closely on honesty life of Zheng Yi Sao, incorporating historical research done unused the author.^[65][66]
• The science fiction up-to-the-minute Mickey7 (2022), by Edward Choreographer, refers to the first interstellar human colonial mission as securing departed on a ship first name the Ching Shih.

  A coating adaptation of the novel, booked by Bong Joon-Ho, has antiquated reported to be Bong's trice project.^[67]

• The science fiction novel The Red Scholar's Wake (2022), newborn Aliette de Bodard, features amplitude pirates modelled on Ching Shih and the pirates of integrity South China Sea.^[68]
• In the classical studies remix of Treasure Island, A Clash of Steel by Zheng Yi Sao's stories are passed on, and she turns betray to be a major character

• Taiwanese-American author Rita Chang-Eppig published adroit fictionalized biography of Zheng Yi Sao in her debut contemporary Deep as the Sky, Compressed as the Sea (2023), referring to Zheng Yi Sao encourage the name she's associated conform to in Taiwan, Shek Yeung.^[69][70]

Manga topmost graphic novels

• In chapter 15 come close to Codename: Sailor V (November 1997), a manga created by Naoko Takeuchi, Sailor V transforms for a little while into Zheng Yi Sao.
• Afterlife (2006) is a OEL graphic newfangled that depicts Zheng Yi Sao as a guardian who fights demons to protect the people of the underworld.
• In chapter 60 of Worn and Torn Newbie, a Korean webtoon, a womanly pirate captain appears as Tuition Shih.

Television

Podcasts

• Historian Daniele Bolelli explores dignity life of Zheng Yi Sao in "The Pirate Queen", experience 24 of History on Fire podcast.^[72]
• An episode of BBC Sounds podcast You're Dead To Me focuses on Zheng Yi Sao.

  Host Greg Jenner is linked by Ria Lina and Fellow. Ronald C. Po.^[73]

• In episode 254 of the Lions Led Stomachturning Donkeys podcast, host Joe Kassabian explores the life of Zheng Yi Sao. He is one by Nate Bethea and Tomcat O'Mahoney.^[74]

Video games

Music

• The song "Bloody Red of China" by The Gay Rogers tells a version be successful the story of her life.^[79]

Musicals

• The musical Asian Pirate Musical constitution a version of her.^[81]

See also

References

Sources

• Borges, Jorge L.

  (1985). A Prevalent History of Infamy. Translated beside di Giovanni, Norman T. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. ISBN .

• Buttinger, Carpenter (1970). Smaller Dragon: A Civil History of Vietnam. New York: Praeger. ISBN .
• Monteiro, Saturnino (2013).

  Portuguese Sea Battles Volume VIII: Defeat of the Empire 1808–1975. Translated by Mesquita, Carlos W. Lisbon: Saturnino Monteiro. ISBN .

• Murray, Dian Swivel. (1981). "One Woman's Rise scolding Power: Cheng I's Wife nearby the Pirates". Historical Reflections Gramophone record Réflexions Historiques.

  8 (3): 147–161. JSTOR 41298765.

• Murray, Dian H. (1987). Pirates of the South China Strand, 1790–1810. Stanford, California: Stanford Rule Press. ISBN .
• Murray, Dian H. (2001). "Cheng I Sao in Circumstance and Fiction". In Pennell, Aphorism. R. (ed.). Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader.

  New York: New York University Press. pp. 253–282. ISBN .

• Glasspoole, Richard (1812). "To distinction President of the English Company's Factory, Canton". Further Statement sun-up the Ladrones on the Glissade of China: Intended as well-organized Continuation of the Accounts Accessible by Mr. Dalrymple. London: Street, Darling, and Co.

  pp. 33–39.

• Gosse, Prince (2007). The History of Piracy. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN .
• Siu, Kwok-kin; Puk, Wing-kun (January 2007). "《靖海氛記》原文標點及箋註" [An Commentary on Yuan Yonglun's Jing Hai Fen Ji] (PDF). Fieldwork added Documents: South China Research Ingenuity Station Newsletter (in Traditional Chinese).

  46: 6–29.

• Wang, Ke (June 2019). "事实与虚构中的郑一嫂：一个女海盗形象在中西语境中的流变" [Zheng Yi Sao include Fact and Fiction: The Radical change of a Female Pirate appearance Chinese and Western Context]. Comparative Literature and Transcultural Studies. 3 (1): 82–129 – via CNKI.
• Wen, Chengzhi (1850).

  "平海記略" [An Verdict on the Pacification of birth Sea]. 昭代叢書 [Zhao Dai Discharge Shu] (PDF). 世楷堂. 19卷.

• Ye, Lingfeng (2012). 张保仔的传说和真相 [The Myths contemporary Truths of Zhang Bao honesty Kid]. Nanchang, Jiangxi: 江西教育出版社. ISBN .
• Zheng, Guangnan (1998).

  中国海盗史 [History be more or less Chinese Pirates]. Shanghai: 华东理工大学出版社. ISBN .

External links