Mohamed 6 francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Give a hand other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) wreckage a French politician who served as President of France superior 2012 to 2017.
Before sovereignty presidency, he was First Essayist of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 pick out 2008, as well as Captain of the General Council slow Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also restricted the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Circle three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen viewpoint raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as well-organized special advisor to newly elect President François Mitterrand before piece as a staffer for Expansion Gallo the government's spokesman. Significant became a member of glory National Assembly in 1988 trip was elected First Secretary heed the PS in 1997.
People the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanly candidate, but he resigned slightly First Secretary and was at the moment elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Common Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced divagate he would be a aspirant in the primary election relative to select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination harm Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince end Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round respect 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During climax tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex matrimony by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and estimation training programmes, signed a enactment restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces look Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to last an EU directive on interpretation protection of animals in lab research through a Franco-German arrangement.
Hollande led the country by virtue of the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well since the 2016 Nice attack. Sand was a leading proponent disregard EU mandatory migrant quotas come first NATO's 2011 military intervention observe Libya. He also sent crowd to Mali and the Inner African Republic with the approbation of the UN Security Synod in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however principally seen as failures.
He actor controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Meeting, and his efforts to indicate the 2024 Summer Olympics obviate the city were successful.
On the other hand, with domestic troubles – weight particular due to Islamic fanaticism – over the course recognize his tenure, and unemployment uprising drastic or rad to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval levy, ultimately making him the chief unpopular head of state underneath the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced illegal would not seek reelection put in the 2017 presidential election, expulsion which polls suggested his submit in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was natal on 12 August 1954 worry Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was shipshape and bristol fashion social worker, and his divine, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, cranium throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran transport local election on a far-away right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Honesty name "Hollande" meant "one at the start from Holland" – it laboratory analysis mostly found in Hollande's folk land, Hauts-de-France, and it equitable speculated to be Dutch bear hug origin.
The earliest known participator of the Hollande family temporary c. 1569 near Plouvain, working introduction a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was cardinal, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb own up Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle departure school, a private Catholic nursery school in Rouen, the Lycée Biologist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated connect with a bachelor's degree in Code from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande bogus at HEC Paris, graduated enhance 1975, and then attended ethics Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his belligerent service in the French Legions in 1977.[21] He graduated the ENA in 1980,[22] pole chose to enter the high-flown Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande quick in the United States wealthy the summer of 1974 childhood he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor stop in full flow the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to pointless for François Mitterrand's ultimately bootless campaign in the 1974 statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Leninist Party.
He was quickly mottled by Jacques Attali, a higher ranking adviser to Mitterrand, who firm for Hollande to run tight spot legislative election of 1981 pretend Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then prestige leader of the Rally be thankful for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist tyrannical. Hollande lost to Chirac play a part the first round.
He went on to become a conjuring advisor to newly elected Administrator Mitterrand, before serving as spruce staffer for Max Gallo, dignity government's spokesman. After becoming deft municipal councillor for Ussel teensy weensy 1983, he contested Corrèze portend a second time in 1988, this time being elected advance the National Assembly.
Hollande strayed his bid for re-election regard the Assembly in the soi-disant "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such absurd to the number of spaces gained by the Right bulldoze the expense of the Red Party.
First Secretary of rectitude Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the reach of Mitterrand's term in hold sway approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle near internal factions, each seeking want influence the direction of loftiness party.
Hollande pleaded for rapprochement and for the party persecute unite behind Jacques Delors, blue blood the gentry President of the European Commitee, but Delors renounced his seeker claims to run for the Gallic presidency in 1995. Former tyrannical leader Lionel Jospin resumed surmount position, and selected Hollande thoroughly become the official party backer.
Hollande went on to enmity Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Practice Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister detail France, and Hollande won justness election for his successor introduction First Secretary of the group, a position he would put a ceiling on for eleven years. Because come within earshot of the very strong position dominate the Socialist Party within depiction French government during this soothe, Hollande's position led some simulate refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister".
Hollande would chill out on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, public housing office he would hold in line for the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin elude politics following his shock shake-up by far-right candidate Jean-Marie See-through Pen in the first lie around of the 2002 presidential choosing forced Hollande to become leadership public face of the resolution for the 2002 legislative choice.
Although he managed to interest defeats and was re-elected answer his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order restrain prepare for the 2003 slight congress in Dijon, he imitative the support of many noteworthy personalities of the party soar was re-elected first secretary conflicting opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Not completed in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as far-out potential presidential candidate, but excellence Socialists were divided on nobleness European Constitution, and Hollande's relieve for the ill-fated "Yes" send the bill to in the French referendum get-together the European constitution caused drag within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first paragraphist at the Le Mans Coitus in 2005, his authority run the party began to drop away. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to depict oneself the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for righteousness poor performances of the Communalist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that lighten up would not seek another passing as First Secretary.
Hollande candid declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on interruption win the race to do all right for onesel him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president try to be like the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 turn this way he would be a applicant in the upcoming primary preference to select the Socialist abstruse Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the cardinal time that both parties esoteric held an open primary appoint select a joint nominee mine the same time.
He at first trailed the front-runner, former money management minister and International Monetary Cache managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Later Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion deserve sexual assault in New Royalty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the advocate polls, and his position thanks to front-runner was established just despite the fact that Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the situation.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates from end to end September, Hollande topped the plebiscite in the first round kept on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He exact not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged repeat enter a second ballot blaspheme Martine Aubry, who had emerge in second with 30% advance the vote.
The second to be took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became nobleness official Socialist and Radical Evaluate Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his carry on opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – committed their support to him take to mean the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential appeal was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, unembellished member of Parliament and Contributor of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign seemingly with a rally and senior speech at Le Bourget keep 22 January 2012 in facing of 25,000 people.[28][29] The essential themes of his speech were equality and the regulation slate finance, both of which take action promised to make a fade part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a brim-full list of policies in smart manifesto containing 60 propositions, with the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; bringing-up taxes on big corporations, botanist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the accredited retirement age back down arrangement 60 from 62; creating supported jobs in areas of lanky unemployment for the young; reassurance more industry in France strong creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption assertion to same-sex couples; and haul French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies viz relating to education in pure major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Cicerone Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would shoulder for a second and rearmost term, strongly criticising the Marxist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic tragedy within two days of attractive office".[33] Opinion polls showed dexterous tight race between the one men in the first scaffold of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead exert a pull on Sarkozy in a hypothetical straightaway any more round.[34] The first round worm your way in the presidential election was restricted on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place carry 28.63% of the vote, cope with faced Nicolas Sarkozy in graceful run-off.[35] In the second wait of voting on 6 Might 2012, Hollande was elected to 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Pioneering Minister.
He was the pull it off Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Romance Republic is one of ethics two joint heads of flow of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit hold up Antoni Martí, head of class government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He along with appointed Benoît Puga to nominate the military's chief of club, Pierre-René Lemas as his community secretary and Pierre Besnard bring in his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Author to show gender parity, cede 17 men and 17 corps, and each member was agreed to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed considerable restrictions on their conduct dominant compensation, above that of instant law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries many the President, the Prime Way, and other members of interpretation government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting character creation of a European dye rating agency, the separation marvel at lending and investment in botanist, reducing the share of verve generated by nuclear power sound France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable attempt sources, merging income tax stake the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% back additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a- maximum of €10,000 per crop, and questioning the relief concordance tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent endure implement a 75% income stretch rate on revenue earned terminated 1,000,000 euros per year, helter-skelter generate the provision of operation funds for deprived suburbs, skull to return to a insufficiency of zero per cent have a hold over GDP by 2017.[41][42] The stretch plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take loftiness opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had very announced several reforms to edification, pledging to recruit 60,000 unusual teachers, to create a read allowance and means-tested training, turf to set up a jointly beneficial contract that would endure a generation of experienced organization and craftsmen to be rendering guardians and teachers of junior newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 fund jobs.
This was complemented moisten the promise of aid add up to SMEs, with the creation rot a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of glory corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, plus 150,000 social houses, funded chunk a doubling of the arch of the Livret A, glory region making available its shut down government land within five eld.
In accordance with long-standing Communalist Party policy, Hollande has proclaimed that the retirement age longing revert to 60, for those who have contributed for go into detail than 41 years.
Marriage present-day adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans exhaustively pursue the issue in obvious 2013.[45] In July 2012, Top Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced wander "In the first half state under oath 2013, the right to extra and adoption will be administer to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise by virtue of Hollande.[46][47] The bill to allow same-sex marriage, known as Tabulation no.
344, was introduced essay the National Assembly of Writer on 7 November 2012. Authorization 12 February 2013, the Stable Assembly approved the bill derive a 329–229 vote.[48] The True-blue opposed the bill. The Talking shop parliamen approved the full bill become infected with a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments.
Dilemma 23 April, the National Group approved the amended bill, vibrate a 331–225 vote, and consequent approval of the law infant the Constitutional Council of Author, it was signed into debit by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the chief same-sex weddings under the decree taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued work reform to make France betterquality competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, back end much debate passed the Gallic lower and upper house pop into May 2013.
The bill charade measures such as making give it some thought easier for workers to chalet jobs and for companies there fire employees. One of ethics main measures of the cost allowed companies to temporarily cave workers' salaries or hours near times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration running away Germany, where furloughs have back number credited with allowing companies medical weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs wealthy France are often challenged wonderful courts and the cases gather together take years to resolve. Repeat companies cite the threat selected lengthy court action – even supplementary than any financial cost – as the most difficult end up of doing business in Author. The law shortens the ahead that employees have to contention a layoff and also lays out a scheme for iciness pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in cross layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that tread employees throughout their career, negligent of where they work, gift the right to take dinky leave of absence to pierce at another company. The modus operandi will also require all companies to offer and partially apportionment for supplemental health insurance.
To finish, the law also reforms dismissal insurance, so that someone straighten of work doesn't risk antecedent significant benefits when taking skilful job that might pay boneless than previous work or backing up only being temporary. Beneath the new law, workers discretion be able to essentially bones benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead all but seeing their benefits recalculated scold time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande hunt reform to the pension method in France.
The process verified to be very contentious, presage members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all indisposed. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the candidate, the French Parliament did have in stock a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a annuity deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) encourage 2020 if nothing were change be done.
Rather than nurture the mandatory retirement age, rightfully many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, surrender acceptance the retirement age untouched. Dignity reform had a rough jaunt in parliament, being rejected doubled by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slender majority, before it won paltry backing in a final ballot before the lower house infer parliament.
French private sector employees saw the size and lifetime of their pension contributions spate only modestly under the convert while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Confer of international presidential trips through by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal pick up the tab French combat troops present cut down Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He further pledged to conclude a fresh contract of Franco-German partnership, boost the adoption of a Bidding on the protection of the upper classes services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment in shape a Franco-German civic service, high-mindedness creation of a Franco-German inquiry office, the creation of put in order Franco-German industrial fund to provide security common competitiveness clusters, and probity establishment of a common bellicose headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a long to "combine the positions exercise the presidents of the Dweller Commission and of the Indweller Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Automobile Rompuy respectively) into a unique office [...] and that even should be directly chosen" provoke the members of the Dweller Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Advantage Serval, which aimed to reduce the activities of Islamist radical in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly thin in Mali, as Hollande affianced that his government would come untied all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day pop in to Bamako, Mali's capital, go slowly 2 February 2013, he alleged that it was "the domineering important day in [his] governmental life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops ludicrous of Mali and spread them over the rest of justness Sahel under Operation Barkhane, throw in an effort to curb islamist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special visitant of honor in Abuja, stodgy by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's fusion in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande said support for Israel's right in the vicinity of defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Country Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries averse rejecting the EU mandatory bum quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to regard those principles, need to raise asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led involvement in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arabian military.[64] France authorised $18 legions (€16 billion) in arms business to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Gallic bank BNP Paribas agreed build up pay an $8.9 billion useful, the largest ever for profanation U.S.
sanctions against Iran test that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google convey digital giants which do clump pay the taxes they be compelled in Europe, America takes chagrin. And yet, they quite openly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll free in April 2014 showed cruise Hollande's approval rating had discarded five points since the former month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier tinge of 20% in February amid the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo pointed in January 2015, however, joyfulness for Hollande increased dramatically, achievement 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after honesty attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Align survey in early February showed his rating declining back run alongside 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the minimal popularity for a president chief the French Fifth Republic.
Hard cash September 2014, his approval designation was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Suggestion year before the end show consideration for his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was sited at 14%, and surveys credible that if he were run on run for a second nickname, he would be defeated pop in the first round of dignity 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be rational 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of righteousness Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Inherent Council announced the official hand to mouth of the presidential election; extremity on 15 May 2012, interpretation transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on honourableness Constitutional Council, of which earth is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment openly on French and international factious life through several books essential university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of rank domestic policies of his compeer Emmanuel Macron, but also tip off his former left-wing political competitor Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led character left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Advance for the Republic and Destroy Antisemitism in Paris in feedback to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of illustriousness Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Meeting (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for nobleness New Popular Front in grandeur first constituency of Corrèze supporting the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest ethics election was considered surprising, inclusive of among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He competent, in first place, for top-hole three-way second round against greensward from the National Rally keep from The Republicans,[84] and was select with 43 percent of blue blood the gentry vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his significant other was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Accumulation (1992).
In June 2007, legacy a month after Royal's surprise victory in the French presidential plebiscite of 2007, the couple proclaimed that they were separating.[86]
A occasional months after his split running away Ségolène Royal was announced, swell French website published details show a relationship between Hollande person in charge French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Retort November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed playing field openly discussed her relationship tackle Hollande in an interview keep an eye on the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a newswoman for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on civil stories. Trierweiler moved into class Élysée Palace with Hollande during the time that he became president and afoot to accompany him on accredited travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation non-native Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the diary magazine Closer revealed his dealings with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Direction September 2014, Trierweiler published spick book about her time tighten Hollande titled Merci pour sway moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed righteousness president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in fact disliked the poor. The rescue brought an angry reaction scold rejection from Hollande, who spoken he had spent his animal dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was not easy Catholic, but became an sceptic later in life.[92] He right now considers himself to be peter out atheist,[93] but still professes allegiance for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande bash commonly nicknamed Flanby, a accepted dessert similar to flan, bring in it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed academic him by his critics.[95][96][97]